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AN 



INTRODUCTORY LECTURE, 



DELIVERED BEFORE THE 



AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK, 



AT CLINTON HALL, 



ON THE EIGHTH OF JANUARY, 1835, 



BY tI^ B. WAKEMAN. 



NEW-YORK: 

PRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF THE MECHANICS' MAGAZINE, No. 35 WALL STREET. 

1835. 



INTRODUCTORY LECTURE. 



The duty of commencing a series of 
lectures before the members of the Ame- 
rican Institute has been assigned to me. 
It was an unexpected honor — an honor 
for which I feel grateful. And were I 
capable of doing justice to the occasion, 
it would be one of the proudest circum- 
stances of my life. But while I feel con- 
scious of my inability to say what ought 
to be said, I am at the same time satisfied 
that, as an early and devoted member, 
every indulgence will be extended to me, 
and that my sincerity in the cause will 
afford an ample apology for every imper- 
fection. 

It is difficult duly to appreciate the 
bearings, influence, and extended impor- 
tance of this association — the American 
Institute — intended not to be limited to a 
single state, nor to any great section of 
our country, but a national establishment, 
whose influences are designed to be 
spread to the utmost boundaries of our 
republic. Located in the city of New- 
York — the heart of the nation — a place 
of all others calculated, under proper 
direction, for a great, powerful, and emi- 
nently useful institution, capable of ex- 
tending its benefits, not only to the pre- 
sent inhabitants of these United States, 
but to future generations. 

The charter under which we are 
authorized to act, was granted the 2d of 
May, 1829. It is to the members a 
perpetual bond, sanctioned by the supreme 
power of the State. The ol)jects intend- 
ed to be accomplished through your ex- 
ertions, and instrumentality, are plainly 
recounted. They are as follows — " for 
the purpose of encouraging and promo- 



ting domestic industry in this State, and 
the United States ; in agriculture, com- 
merce, manufactures, and the arts, and 
any improvements made therein, by 
bestowing rewards, and other benefits 
on those who shall make any such im- 
provements, or excel in any of the said 
branches, and by such other ways, and 
means, as to the said corporation, or 
the trustees thereof, shall appear to be 
most expedient." 

The association is also empowered to 
make By-Laws for the purpose of carry- 
ing into effect the objects just quoted. 
The legislature intended to cover the 
broad ground of political economy. They 
foresaw the vivifying influences, which, 
under able management, such an institu- 
tion must exert, on invention, the arts, 
and industry in general. They foresaw 
the knowledge it was calculated to 
gather and diffuse. Time has already, 
partially, verified their anticipations. But 
much remains to be accomplished. 

And here the questions naturally present 
themselves, — what has the American In- 
stitute already done, and to what purpose 
have these ample powers, conferred, been 
exerted ? And 2d, what further remains 
to be done ? 

Among other things which have grown 
out of this Institution, since its organiza- 
tion, are the written and printed commu- 
nications, either voluntary or prompted, 
from individuals and scientific institutions. 
The practical and learned managers of 
the Royal gardens in Italy, and some of 
the most distinguished philosophers in 
France, have favored us with the fruits of 
their researches and experience. Prac- 



4 



Introductory Lecture 



tical individuals and affiliated institutions, 
in our own country, have aided — their 
rich contributions have poured in, for 
our gratification, and instruction. 

At our stated and other meetings, a 
great variety of reports have been made 
on subjects intimately connected with 
the prosperity of the country — on cotton 
cloths, and yarns, on silks, oil cloths, 
glass, and cabinet wares, and ship build- 
ing, on the manufacture of leather, shoes, 
and on the cultivation of indigo, cash 
duties, &;c. : embracing a great number 
of facts, collected with persevering in- 
dustry, and arranged with skill and care. 
These reports have excited discussions, 
among the members. These discussions 
have elicited ideas which would have 
laid dormant forever. The advantages, 
springing from such discussions, are of 
inestimable consideration. 

The human mind is incomprehensible 
to itself. Ideas, in their dormant con- 
dition, are as valueless as nonentities. 
And the mind, in an unexcited state, is 
as unconscious of their existence, as the 
flint is of the fire it contains ; when 
heated, and brought into action by dis- 
cussion, thought creates thought — and 
ideas succeed ideas, the mind knows not 
how — and the debater is often amazed, 
at the fertility of his own conceptions, 
and the creative powers of his own in- 
vention. Many of the reports, made to 
the Institute, were intended to fortify 
the necessity of the protective system. 
A powerful and dangerous foreign influ- 
ence had been exerted in this country, 
against governmental protection. 

For some time previous to the incor- 
poration of this Institute, the British 
press had continually teemed with pamph- 
lets and publications, intended only for 
exportation, (for they were never prac- 
tised upon at home,) filled with hosannas 
to free trade. 

They recommended, with all the ardor 
of sincerity, a most amiable reciprocity — 
an unrestricted interchange of the com- 
modities of all climes, and all countries — 
at the same time that they clung with 
scrupulous tenacity to their own enact- 
ments, that excluded from their markets, 
any, and every article, produced within 
the limits of their wide spread empire. 
Their pretended relaxations were general- 
ly so graduated, as not to impair an iota of 
their restrictive policy ; or if a single 
exception was permitted, it was under 



stipulations which gave them decided ad- 
vantages, and strengthened their gigantic 
monopoly. 

The syren sounds of free trade, perfect 
reciprocity, and the painted commercial 
millenium in perspective, deluded some, 
vast numbers, from hopes of gain ; and 
others, for political preferment, rallied 
round the free trade standard. They 
contended that the expediency of pursu- 
ing manufactures in this country must be 
tested by their ability in their infancy, 
to compete with establishments which 
had been nurtured into existence, and 
grown and strengthened for ages. The 
apprentice was required, on his first en- 
trance into the workshop, to do more 
than the duties of an accomplished jour- 
neyman — for we had, in many branches of 
manufactures, every thing to learn, and 
were wholly destitute of even the neces- 
sary tools. 

These suicidal doctrines, aimed at the vi- 
tals of American industry, were repelled by 
facts, analogies, and arguments contained 
in authentic reports read to this Institute, 
that never have been refuted. These 
reports show that our mechanical and 
manufacturing establishments have uni- 
formly flourished under the fostering in- 
fluence of protection. The application 
of this stimulus brought capital, skill, in- 
dustry, and economy, into operation, and 
the consumer was soon supplied with a 
cheaper and better article. The reports 
name the exact prices of particular arti- 
cles, from an early period of our country's 
history, down to the present time ; and 
they also note all the intermediate advan- 
ces of our tariff", thereby demonstrating 
as far as facts and analogies can demon- 
strate, that increased protecting duties, at 
every successive stage of their increase, 
have conduced to reduce prices, and 
benefit the consumer ; and at the same 
time promote the general prosperity, by 
enabling all to obtain the comforts of life, 
with greater facility, and with less toil, 
than before. There is a remarkable 
uniformity, as exhibited in these reports, 
in the decline of prices at each suc- 
cessive advance of the tariff" of duties. 
Facts likewise show, that the prices of 
those articles which have not received 
the favor of protecting laws, have, to a 
great extent, and with remarkable uni- 
formity, maintained their prices ; or if 
they have declined in prices, their de- 
cline has not been at all proportioned 



Before the American Institute. 



to the decline on those articles which 
have been fostered hy protection. Home 
competition has not been brought to bear 
upon them : our home supply, in the ab- 
sence of protection, has been obtained 
from abroad, and accordingly in the ab- 
sence of protection, and consequent com- 
petition in production, here, the foreign 
producer has been enabled, in a great 
measure, to affix prices in accordance 
with his own interest. If there are any 
exceptions, those exceptions are shown 
to arise from some peculiar qualities in 
the articles themselves, not attendant on 
ordinary cases — such as bulkiness, lia- 
bility to breakages, being of a perisha- 
ble nature, or subject to injury from sea 
voyages, or some other causes, — which, in 
effect, gives to the American manufac- 
turer, a palpable advantage over his 
foreign competitor, and in their influ- 
ences afford a substitute for governmental 
protection. These reports have all been 
published, and circulated far and wide, 
and at a time when heterodox doctrines 
were gaining ground, and no doubt have 
had their influence in rescuing our manu- 
facturers from the destruction that was 
designed for them. The public ad- 
dresses which we have witnessed at our 
annual public exhibitions, by distinguish- 
ed individuals from other states, afford 
specimens of oratory and talent of the 
highest order. They are masterly efforts, 
in favor of encouraging American in- 
dustry. The principles of protection are 
happily elucidated and enforced. They 
are replete with facts and documents, 
showing, among other things, that one of 
the paramount objects in forming the 
constitution of the United States, was the 
protection of American labor against the 
sweeping rivalry of older nations. That 
protected labor must form the only firm 
and durable basis of lasting independence. 
They all breathe the purest spirit of 
patriotism. They were delivered to 
crowded audiences, they have all been 
published, and republished, and distribut- 
ed to every part of our country. 

The efforts of the Institute have not 
been confined to the collection of facts, 
and to the induction of principles ; they 
have labored to advance the cause of do- 
mestic industry by other and more direct 
means : by procuring, and distributing, 
gratuitously, large quantities of the White 
Mulberry Seed for the culture of Silk. 

The merit of proposing this subject, 



and much of the praise due to the labors 

attending the reports produced before 
the Institute, the procuring and distribu. 
ting of the mulberry seeds, and experi- 
ments on the silk-worm, in justice is due 
to our deceased friend, and late fellow 
laborer. Doctor Felix Pascalis.* A 
passing notice of the prominent charac- 
teristics of this venerated man, who has 
so often met us, and so often entertained 
and instructed us, it is hoped will not be 
unacceptable. It falls to the lot of few 
men, of any age, to have the opportunity, 
industry, and capacity, to encompass 
such a mass of learning as was encom- 
passed by Dr. Pascalis. Moral courage, 
and enduring perseverance, however, 
were the distinguishing characteristics of 
his mind. Thus qualified, he early en- 
listed as a combatant against error and 
imposture, and in favor of those objects of 
utility, which he believed would conduce 
to the comfort and happiness of man. In 
such a cause he did not hesitate to jeo- 
pard every thing. At one period of 
his life you might have seen him in his 
native France, in possession of a bene- 
fice, surrounded with friends, and with 
an ample income, that supplied him with 
every comfort his desires could suggest. 
" The road to power and wealth lay 
open before him." He at the same time 
could not but witness the detestable im- 
postures and corruptions of the church. 
At the risk of independence, and all his 
flattering prospects, he manfully came 
forth and exposed them. As might have 
been expected, he fell a victim to their 
fury, and was formally excommunicated. 
Had he truckled to corruption, he might 
have revelled in luxury. His moral sense 
revolted, and his courage defied hosts of 
venal slaves, whose consciences yielded 
to the unprincipled biddings of a depraved 
hierarchy, and who joined in proscribing 
him. He brought with him to America 
the same fearless spirit — the same inhe- 
rent desire to do good. Soon after his 
arrival he encountered that dreadful 
scourge of our populous cities — the yel- 
low fever. An idea prevailed that it 
was contagious. Friends and relations 
were abandoned to suffering and death. 
Doctor Pascalis, believing it was an er. 
ror, at the risk of his life, tried experi^ 



* Many of the facts hereafter stated in relation tes 
Doctor Pascahs are derived from that accompllshid; 
biographer and scholar, Col. Samuel L. Knapp, whft, 
iB'a member of the Institite. 



6 Introduclory Lecture 

ments, among the dying and dead, in all plied almost beyond credibility. And 
the perilous shapes and ways that could thus the way is prepared for the raising 
be thought of. The result aflordcd alsun- of silk-vvorins to an incalculable amount, 
dant proof, in his mind, that yellow fever The necessary incipient steps have been 
depended on local causes, and that the taken towards the manufacture of that 
masses of putrifying bodies in our grave- precious commodity which every year 
yards, situated in the midst of our dense drains our country of so great a propor- 
population, were a principal cause of its tion of her annual earnings. The sub. 
prevalence here. He did not hesitate to ject of silk, as our journals show, occu- 
encounter the prejudices of the ignorant, pied the attention of Dr. Pascalis, from 
or the power of the rich, by his efforts in that period until July, 1833, when his 
preventing the burials, and by continued useful life terminated. His experiments, 
perseverance in explaining and enforc- showing the efiects of electricity on the 
ing its importance to tlie health of the silk-worm, were highly complimented in 
city. His theory eventually prevailed, the French journals, and his two vol- 
and, conformably to his often repeated umes dedicated to the American Institute, 
predictions, our city has escaped this on the mulberry, and the raising of silk- 
awful visitation. worms, are permanent memorials of his 
In the early stages of this Institute, accurate knowledge of the subjects on 
when it was pronounced by some, " a which he has written. To his learning 
small tariff concern," and by others " a and industry the Institute is indebted for 
humbug," Doctor Pascalis applied to be- much of ils celebrity, and the country is 
come a member. His first efforts were under deep obligations to him for having 
directed to the production of silk. From given an early impulse to a branch of in- 
the groves of mulberries in his native dustry in which the whole nation is deep- 
land, he had often, witii his own hands, ly interested. The exhausting effects of 
gathered the foliage that sustains the our heavy importations of silks demand 
worm. He knew the importance of com- some immediate and powerful corrective, 
mencing at once in procuring the aliment Twenty-nine millions two hundred and 
on which it exists. Accordingly, at twenty-six thousand eight hundred and 
the firjt meeting of the institution, after four dollars of the hard earnings of our 
the adoption of a constitution, before its in- citizens were paid to foreign nations for 
corporation, (March, 1828,) he introduced foreign silks alone, in the years 1831, 
a resolution on the subject of silk, and in 1832, and 1833. 

June following a regular report was made, The produce which can be spared for 
and a permanent silk comniittee was exportation, by all the hard-working farm- 
constituted. The July following, the ers in all the northern and middle states, 
committee recommended the importation will not more than balance our silk ac- 
of a large quantity of white mulberry count. It is true, that a portion of these 
seed from France, which was approved, silks are exported ; but after deducting 
and by the agency of Doctor Pascalis, the amount exported, which will average 
who had previously been made an bono- $1,758,450 per annum, for the 3 years 
rary member, large quantities were im- before specified, there was consumed, 
ported at the expense of the Institute, within the United States, $7,983,818, on 
At a meeting on the 4th of December, an average, of each year, — $1,495,938 
1828, their arrival was announced. An more, each year, than was received from 
address to the public was prepared on all the wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, and 
the subject and published. The seeds other small grains, biscuit, potatoes, flax- 
were gratuitously distributed, sufficient seed, and hops, exported in 1833, to every 
for many thousand trees. From these part of the world. Double the amount 
seeds innumerable nudberries are grow- of silks imported might be raised and 
ing in many parts of our country. In 1828 manufactured in our own country, chiefly 
he also procured froin France three flour- by women, children, and infirm persons, 
ishing C'hinese mulberry plants, of great without materially detracting from any 
value, the first ever imported into this of the other productive branches of in- 
country. They had been introduced into dustry. The aliment of the insect that 
France the year before. From these afforded this luxury was first to be sup- 
plants, and others obtained soon after, for plied, and the efforts of the Institute 
Mr. Purnieniier, they have been multi. were for years most assiduously and sue 



Before the American Institute. 



cessfully applied in accomplishing this 
object. Individuals followed the exam- 
pie of importing seeds, and at this time, 
and by these means, millions of thrifty 
mulberries are now growing in our coun- 
try, affording sufficient nutriment for in- 
calculable numbers of silk-worms. If 
the American Institute had done no Pther 
act of public benefit, its members would 
have been entitled to the gratitude of 
their country. 

But the labors of the Institute have 
not stopped here. Under its auspices 
seven successive annual fairs have been 
held ; and, on the best computation, full 
twenty thousand different specimens ex- 
hibited. No branch of industry was un- 
represented. Most of these articles were 
of a quality that would have commanded 
admiration in countries that commenced 
their culture or manufacture before we 
were a nation. Such was the display at 
the first fair, in particular, that it was 
confidently denied that the articles were 
American. The community, generally, 
had not kept pace at all with the rapid 
march of mechanical and manufacturing 
improvements. 

The interest taken in these exhibitions 
is shown by the throngs that resorted to 
them. From the best estimates afforded, 
more than 200,000 persons were visitors, 
at the several exhibitions referred to. The 
brilliancy of these exhibitions attracted 
the attention of all classes of our citi- 
zens. What was said in the official re- 
port of the third annual fair, will apply 
to all. The managers observe, that " they 
cannot but contemplate the third annual 
fair of the Institute with pride and plea- 
sure. To those who sought recreation 
and amusement, and looked no farther, it 
afforded innocent gratification." 

" Those who can feel a patriotic pride 
in beholding the progress of their coun- 
try in manufactures, and the arts, and an 
increase of its self-sustaining resources, 
in advance of their best hopes, realized 
more animating and exalted sensations. 
The gay and fashionable were delighted ; 
the middling classes, our city yeomanry, 
the steady supporters of order, law, and 
religion, enjoyed a rich feast. The cu- 
riosity of the inventor and artist found 
food to satisfy itself among the almost in- 
finite variety that ingenuity and skill had 
brought into existence. The emulating 
mechanic saw the choice productions of 
his workshop duly appreciated, and the 



evidence of their merit promulgated. 
Those who had been persuaded that we 
are too young a people to enter the course 
in competition with the old world, were 
satisfied that, though comparatively in in- 
fancy, our vigor, enterprise, and genius, 
have already accomplished results which 
have cost other nations centuries, and 
will S9on enable us to distance them in 
the race of glory. To the exalted indi- 
viduals, the patriotic chief magistrates 
and judges of^ our sister states, who had 
purposely attended, and to our own dis- 
tinguished citizens, in and out of office, 
who were present, countenancing and en- 
couraging our exertions, we tender our 
thanks. "The praise of illustrious men," 
say the managers in conclusion, " has 
always been a most acceptable reward to 
genius and enterprize ; and their pre- 
sence, and countenance, will always ex- 
cite to higher efforts, and still more bene- 
ficial undertakings." 

These fairs were peculiarly timely in 
their influences. Many of them were 
held while the great national question of 
protection or abandonment was pending ; 
and for the purpose of convincing the 
most obdurately incredulous, a list of the 
principal articles, with the duties, was 
appended to the report referred to, which 
confirmed the long disputed facts, that 
the same articles which were early and 
effectually protected, are the very articles 
now fabricated in the greatest abundance 
and perfection, and the very same arti- 
cles procured by the consumer, with the 
least cost — confirming, most conclusively, 
the numerous former reports made to 
the Institute in favor of protecting duties. 
The influence of these exciting exhibi- 
tions, through all the departments of pro- 
ductive industry, who can calculate ? 
They are all intimately connected, and 
flourish and decline together. These 
exhibitions have created a confidence 
among capitalists in our ability to manu- 
facture, and thereby ingenuity has been 
better and more certainly rewarded. The 
intensity of the competition has operated 
through all the departments of the work- 
shop — from the owner to the journeyman, 
down to the humblest apprentice, — and 
carried genius to its utmost stretch. It 
is on these occasions, and by these means, 
that obscure artisans.are enabled to bring 
their fabrics to public view, and profita. 
ble markets. Some of the finest speci- 
mens that received the highest premiums 



Introductory Lecture. 

were made by hands before unknown, takings of the Institute,) will confer on 
expressly for the last fair, and by consent it more certain perpetuity, with accom- 
of their employers. By such full, re- panying utility, than all that has been 
repeated, and continued displays, opportu- done besides. If in process of time, 
nity is given to observe every improve, our city should be ravaged by hordes of 
ment, and to profit thereby ; and thus the barbarians, the library of the Institute 
knowldege of new discoveries and im- might suffer a similar fate with some of 
provements is early sattered, and brought the works of art and genius of ancient 
into general use. It is here the consu- Rome. But, we trust that no such 
mer can accommodate himself with the destiny awaits us, and imagination can 
article he requires, made in the most scarcely conceive any other destructive 
skilful manner. The names and num. visitation. Knowledge, it is said, is 
bers of the fabricators and agents are power — and its seeds are sprouting in all 
conspicuously labelled on the article, parts of Christendom. It has taken deep 
Every sale effected is beneficial both to root, grown, and spread, all over our le 



the manufacturer and consumer. The 
wants of the consumer are well supplied, 
and the ready sale stimulates the manu- 
facturer to fresh exertions. The extent 
of the sales effected by the last fair pro- 
bably exceeded in value all that were 
brou«Tht to the exhibition rooms. Most 



public. Its healing influences pervade 
all classes of society. The schoolmas- 
ter has been among us, and done his 
duty. The value of our institutions is 
universally appreciated, and a war of 
ignorance and barbarism, upon them, 
would be considered a war upon the 
of the first premium fabrics were disposed people's best interests and hopes — such 
of at an early day, and many of the a common enemy would be hunted 
stores and warehouses from whence the down with resistless and exterminating 
articles came, were afterwards sought force. The library of the American In- 
out and purchases made from them to stilute will last as long as letters. Its 
heavy amounts. 3000 volumes already subscribed, and 

Here the progress of manufactures, contributed, will double, triple, and mul- 
from year to year, may be distinctly no- tiply ten-foldjin a few yeai's. Compare it 
ted. Hitherto each anniversary has af- with some other libraries in this city — 
forded specimens superior to any that which opened with bountiful subscriptions 
have preceded. New articles have been in money — and phalanxes of wealthy 
produced, and old ones finished in names to give effect to their money and 
greater perfection. Every fair has pro- their efforts. It will be found that the 
duced additional evidence of the accura- Institute, which commenced without a 
cy and potency of labor-saving machine- dollar, have, since their library rooms 
rv. The wonderful facility with which were opened — within the last year — dou- 
many deUcate fabrics may be multiplied, bled the number of volumes procured by 
has been exemplified in giving a finish of similar establishments in this city, com- 
which the human hand is totally incapa- menced years before this Institute was in- 
ble. I ought not to omit the especial corporated. But the quality of the books, 
and highly important benefits to this city more than the number of volumes, is cal- 
derived from these public exhibitions, culated to give value to our establishment. 
Prejudices and determinations adverse to It is literally a library of practical utili- 
manufacturing industry, of long duration, ty, not surpassed, at this time, by more 
arising from foreign associations, and than one or two libraries in the State, 
partial interests, have been, to a great What has principally conduced to this 
extent, removed, or changed. These unexampled success, is the extraordinary 
peaceable and wholesome conflicts, in liberal terms held out to subscribers, 
which the competitors have strove to Twenty-five dollars in money, or books, 
procure our necessaries and comforts confer the privileges of the library, and 
cheaper and better than before, have nothing further is ever required, 
been accompanied with a moral influence Who is there, in this reading age, who 
highly favorable to patriotism and genu- cannot contribute, from their own shelves, 
ine American feeling, and at the same what is required to gain access to one of 
time of a most enduring nature. the most useful libraries in the country? It 

But after all, the establishment of a was intended to benefit that class whose 
statistical library, (one of the late under- income would, not warrant the contribu. 



Before the American Institute. 



tions in money in the outset, and the 
after yearly dues, required by most other 
large libraries. It is in fact an exchange 
of a few books, already perused, for an 
extensive library, to which the subscriber 
may at all times resort, and select., for a 
reasonable time, a volume to take to his 
home. It is the desicru, as far as practi- 
cable, to obtain such books as relate to 
the manufacturing and mechanic arts, 
and statistics in general, embracing par- 
ticularly statistics of the improvements of 
the last fifty years. 

A general and accurate knowledge of 
statistics is essentially necessary, in our 
reasonings on political economy. And 
this library is intended to promote a taste 
for this useful, but hitherto, (in this coun- 
try,) much neglected branch of human 
knowledge. The most ruinous conse- 
quences in legislation often follow from 
ignorance of facts. The premises are 
based on error, and the conclusions are 
alike erroneous. A single case will be 
stated as an illustration. 

After the high protective duties were 
imposed on coarse cottons, eve7-y day 
these articles were offered for sale, of a 
better quality — and soon prices fell from 
25 cents to 9 cents per yard, and now 
they are sold at 6^ cents per yard. The 
advocates of home industry confidently 
relied on these facts, as evidences of the 
wholesome effects of protection, and the 
policy of extending similar encourage- 
ment to other unprotected articles. The 
free trade advocates said, no ; they con- 
tended that the reduced prices of coarse 
cottons had been caused by the fall of 
cotton. They had not learned, that 
whether cotton was 10 or 20 cents per 
pound, would not, at the farthest, make 
a difference of more than 2^ cents in a 
yard, and for a reason that isjunanswerable : 
because 1 lb. of cotton will make 4 yards, 
and the reduction at that time was from 
25 to 9 cents, a nett reduction of 16 
cents. Had they known this, they must 
have readily seen that 13^ cents, after 
deducting the 2^ cents, would have been 
still unaccounted for. Others ascribed the 
fall to the reduced prices of manual 
labor. A very little knowledge of facts 
would have satisfied them, that only a 
fraction of manual labor is required in 
making a yard of this cloth, not -^ a cent. 
The perfection of cotton machinery arises 
from its dispensing with manual labor, 
almost entirely. Others again said, the 



decline must be attributed to recent im- 
provements in machinery. If they had 
inquired, they would have found the first 
cotton machinery ever used in this coun- 
try was in successful operation, and then 
successfully competing with the new 
concerns with their improved machinery. 
And if they had gone among the manu- 
facturers of cotton, they would have found 
it a controverted question, whether any 
essential improvements had been made. 
The truth is, that all the reduction of 
prices on coarse cottons, since the tariff* 
was made — arising out of the fall of 
cotton, and manual labor, and improve- 
ments in machinery, combined — have not 
varied the prices of these cottons 6^ 
cents per yard. But allowing that they 
have reduced the price full 6^ cents, 
they are still 50 per cent, cheaper than 
when the tariflf was laid : clearly show- 
ing that each and all of the reasons speci- 
fied are totally inadequate to account for 
the reduction that has taken place in 
coarse cottons. 

A statesman, legistating from such 
mistaken views of the facts — the very 
ground-work of his premises — would do 
inconceivable mischief. 

The fact is, that the principal cause of 
the low prices of cottons arises from 
confidence, capital, competition, industry, 
and economy. The unexampled high 
duties on imported cottons gave confi- 
dence — capital followed — skill and in- 
dustry were tempted by the rewards which 
capital offered. Competition naturally 
sprung up, and the efforts of competition 
introduced renewed industry, division of la- 
bor, economy, and every species of saving 
that ingenuity could contrive. It is an ever- 
lasting truth, that the main cause of our 
unprecedented success in the manufacture 
of cottons, amounting at this time, and 
at their present low prices, to thirty 
millions of dollars per annum, is the high 
protection they at an early day received. 
If protection has had no influence on 
cottons — and until the minds of states- 
men are immoveably settled in this princi- 
ple, the rewards of our industry must 
forever be precarious — why did prices, 
when they were unprotected, continue 
nearly stationary, 15 years after Ark- 
Wright's jenny was introduced ?* 

* Note. — Fifteen years after it was introduced, vif. 
in 1805, only 1000 bales were manufactured, and in 
1831, 214,882 were manufactured. The increase of 
the cotfon manufactured for years hsa been equal t* 
23 per cent per annum. 



10 



Introductory Lecture 



Why have linens, silks, fine broad- 
cloths, and other articles, either not at 
all or inadequately protected, nearly 
maintained their former prices ? 

A correct knowledge of facts would 
have arrested innumerable pernicious 
heresies in political economy, that have 
led to legislation which has often dis- 
turbed and injured our whole social 
system. 

Twenty years after Arkwright's cotton 
machinery was first introduced into the 
United States by Samuel Slater, we had 
made comparatively but little progress in 
manufacturing coarse cottons. They were 
then more than 400 per cent, higher in 
their prices than at this time. There 
was no protective tariff", and the capitalist 
held back — and the consumer was left to 
pay, from his own pocket, the cost of 
transporting the raw material 3000 miles, 
and also the cost of bringing it back in 
the form of goods, with land carriage, 
taxes, insurance, &c., besides profits 
to the foreign and American merchant, 
both. Our statesmen relied on imported 
theories, instead of examining facts for 
themselves. 

This tedious illustration, drawn from 
the manufacture of coarse cottons, has 
been adduced, not only for the purpose 
of showing the importance of a statistical 
library, where correct facts and accurate 
statistics may be obtained, but also inci- 
dentally, to explain the effects of a high 
protecting tariff" on the domestic manufac- 
ture of cottons, which now supply thirteen 
millions of our citizens with a necessary 
article at half its former cost ; besides 
adding to our exports to foreign countries 
two millions five hundred and thirty-two 
thousand five hundred and seventeen 
doilars. [Vide Reports of Secretary of 
the Treasury.] If the genial influences of 
protection had not been applied, the ma- 
nufacture of cottons would in all probabi- 
lity have been of as little moment, in our 
list of productions, as that of flax, which 
had not been adequately protected, and 
accordingly has not made the smallest 
progress in fifty years.* Fortunately, 



• According to Smith's history of the state of New- 
York, between the 9tli December, 1755, and the 23d of 
February following, 76 days, we shipped 12,588 tierces 
of flax seed to Ireland. 

The imports from Great Britain for the colony of 
New- York were then estimated at about $480,000 per 
annum ; they now amount to about $20,000,000 per an. 

The amount of flax seed shipped from the whole 
United States to Great Britain and Ireland is stated to 



statistical knowledge is beginning to find 
favor. Unsatisfactory conclusions, drawn 
from data supplied by the imagination, at 
war with facts, are beginning to be re- 
garded in political economy as useless as 
they are in other sciences. And we are 
warranted in anticipating that, in the fu- 
ture history of this Institute, the establish- 
ment of this library at this time, and upon 
the principles and for the purposes con- 
templated, will most assuredly be pro- 
nounced one of the wisest of all our un- 
dertakings. 

The foregoing embraces a brief sketch 
of some of the prominent things which the 
American Institute have already done. If 
the question is asked what we have done, 
we can refer to our written and printed 
communications, domestic and foreign. 
We can read our numerous reports in de- 
fence of adequate protection, when here- 
sies were industriously propagated by our 
foreign rivals, intended for our destruction. 
We may also refer to our able and ample 
discussions before the Institute on sub- 
jects most intimately connected with our 
domestic industry. We can show the 
groves of mulberry trees which have 
grown from seeds we have distribu- 
ted. We can conduct the inquirer to 
our fairs, and through our exhibition 
rooms, and point him to the splendid dis- 
plays — the unalloyed fruits of American 
perseverance and ingenuity. We can 
show him the long list of diplomas and 
medals, and other rewards, the testimoni- 
als of merit, and the successful stimulants 
of genius. We may read to him the elo- 
quent addresses delivered at our fairs by 
distinguished orators and statesmen from 
other States. And, above all, we can in- 
troduce him to our library, and show him 
in its fulness the compressed wisdom of 
ten thousand minds — a monument of our 
exertions that will reflect honor upon us 
as long as knowledge is valued. We 
have, conformably to our charter, pro- 
moted domestic industry by encouraging 
Agriculture to cultivate her choicest pro- 
ductions. We have endeavored to place 
manufactures on a firm foundation, that 
thereby they may afford agriculture a 
perpetual market. By the reciprocal in- 
fluences of each on the other, we have 
increased the exchangeable commodities 
which give employment to commerce ; 



have been only 17,243 tierces, in 1832, though our 
population had increased more than six times told, and 
our importations into this State more than 40 times. 



Before the American Institute. 



11 



and, by these combined means, wealth has 
followed to apply to the ornamental arts. 
In a word, the farmer has found a market 
— the manufacturer has procured the de- 
sired material — the merchant has multi- 
plied his purchases, sales and profits, — 
and the artist is better rewarded by the 
abundant means acquired by all. 

It will be remembered I also proposed 
to name some things that are hereafter 
required to he done. 

At an early period of this Institute a 
resolution was passed, with a view of ob- 
taining reports of facts from all the diffe- 
rent occupations and professions, and 
particularly such facts as would show the 
effect of the tariff on the qualities and 
prices of manufactured articles. The 
object of this resolution, as heretofore 
shown, has been partially accomplished. 
It is earnestly to be hoped that the whole 
plan will be completed. It will afford a 
mass of facts eminently useful to the poli- 
tical economist, and the practical states- 
man. 

Policy demands that efficient means 
should be applied to the raising of silk, by 
means of bounties on the culture and ex- 
portation, if protective duties are perma- 
nently to be withheld ; but the last are 
obviously to be preferred, and sooner or 
later will be resorted to. Experiments 
prove that our soil is propitious to the 
growth of the mulberry tree, and our cli- 
mate congenial to>the rearing of the in- 
sect that produces the silk. Ingenuity, 
by the stimulus which capital must bring 
into activity, will perfect new labor-saving 
machines for its manufacture. But with- 
out protection, the cautious capitalist will 
not encounter the competition of those 
immense estabhshments which centuries 
ago were nurtured into existence by go- 
vernment favors, as exclusive as legisla- 
tion could create, and which have since 
been fortified by overgrown accumula- 
tions of capital, and are now filled with 
the most skilful workmen. The protec- 
tive shield of the government must, ere 
long, be extended. In the mean time, 
let nurseries be cultivated for the spread 
of the plants of the mulberry, on liberal, 
and, if possible, on gratuitous terms. 

A systematic plan should be devised 
for conducting our fairs. The commit- 
tees of publication, arrangements, premi- 
ums, &c., should be desired to report the 
inconveniences and defects they have ob- 
served in conducting their departments, 



for the purpose of framing a well-digested 
system, that shall afford a ready rule of 
conduct for future managers and commit- 
tees. The seasonable appointment of 
competent, disinterested, and respectable 
judges, whose punctual attendance may 
be relied on, is an important consideration. 
Much of the value of the rewards bestow- 
ed depends on the standing and charac- 
ter of the persons awarding them. Se- 
cure inclosures should be provided for 
choice fabrics and delicate machinery. 
Security against damage would increase 
the number of articles, and render the 
competition more general and more bene- 
ficial. 

Semi-annual fairs, for the purpose of 
sales only, have been suggested. It ia 
worthy of consideration how far they 
might be made useful, and whether they 
might not be made a source of revenue to 
the Institute. 

No one act, however, has contributed 
more to exalt the American Institute than 
their library. Get knowledge — get know- 
ledge — are the watch- words of wisdom 
among our competitors. Our library will 
afford an exhaustless fountain. An eflbrt 
should be made, by every member, to in- 
crease its volumes. Every member should 
consider it his library — every member 
should become a subscriber, and solicit 
his friends to follow his example. The 
value of the scrip received is of more 
worth than the consideration paid. A 
united effort by all the members of the In- 
stitute would in a few weeks create the 
greatest library in the State. Such an 
effort would confer honors on the present 
members as durable as the benefits which 
would flow from it. 

The ward institutes, which have alrea- 
dy been partially organized, next require 
our attention. They are no more nor less 
than branches, intended to operate in all 
the wards of this city, and eventually to 
be extended to the counties out of the 
city. 

In addition to the useful information 
they may from time to time report, great 
assistance might be rendered by them in 
obtaining minute local statistics, and in 
adding to the members of the mother in- 
stitute, and also in advancing the library. 
The importance to the country of one 
great central institution, devoted to indus- 
try and the arts, might be urged with 
great effect in our occasional intercourse 
with those who visit our citv. A formal 



12 Introductory Lecture 

committee might with great propriety be ously announced, would, it is believed, be 
appointed to visit our principal cities and beneficial. Members might then examine 
villages, and invite public spirited gentle- and reflect on the subjects to be brought 
men of independent fortunes to assist in under consideration. The discussions 
forwarding the useful objects of the Insti- would then exhibit the results of investi- 
tute. Lar^e numbers, no doubt, might gation, and be profitable to the hearers. 
be induced to become members, and also The frivolous questions discussed, and the 
contributors to the library. A considerable protracted and useless verbiage expended 
number of gentlemen out of the city have on these questions, has formerly driven 
already enrolled their names as members ; valuable members from the Institute. A 
and others, unsolicited, have subscribed to previous assignment of business, and no- 
the library. By frequent communications tice of the same, would have a powerful 
with the contemplated branches, and by tendency to correct this evil, and add to 
cultivating a correspondence with literary the respectability of the Institute, 
and scientific institutions, and individuals. By extending the influences of the In- 
generally, in this and foreign countries, stitute into the country, among the ma- 
the earliest information may be obtained nufacturers, they may induce their agents, 
of all new discovered materials, and new the domestic dealers, in the city, who are 
and useful processes in manufacturing. receiving such liberal commissions from 
There is a variety of things, in relation the success of manufactures, to enlarge 
to the Institute, which would by many be their views, and lend a helping hand at 
classed among small and unimportant our fairs, and not suffer the great inter- 
matters, that may be done or neglected ests of cottons and woollens to be mea- 
without any material injury. gerly represented by a few scanty speci- 

But he has lived and observed to little mens. If these domestic agents are de- 
purpose, who has not learned that many terred by the trouble and expense of the 
of the great operations of business, public carting, or the fear that the goods sent 
and private, are controlled by them, may be rumpled, let the owners make 
Punctuality, by many, is classed among their agents good. They will be more 
these unimportant matters. The reverse than compensated by the increased de- 
of this is the fact. The success of all mand and ready sales of the exhibited 
public and private institutions depends articles. 

much on the punctuality of their officers. Not only individual, but legislative 
The want of punctuality does not end aid, should be invoked in favor of the 
with the delinquent ; it discourages and objects contemplated in our charter. The 
disheartens those who are punctual, and utility of statistical knowledge has alrea- 
sometimes creates ruinous derangements, dy been commented on. Our legislative 
One failure to form a quorum is often documents contain a mass of undigested 
succeeded by another ; and much exer- statistics, obtained by the State at great 
tion is often required to finish the busi- expense, which, if selected, digested, in- 
ness, which might have been prevented dexed, and published, would be invalua- 
by a punctual attendance of a single indi- ble. It is now totally useless to nearly 
dual a few minutes. The tardiness of the whole of the community, 
one small wheel may throw an immense The New-York Annual Register, com- 
machine completely out of gear. piled by the industry of one of our mem- 

Much of the precious time of the Insti- hers, is now almost the only work from 
tute has on former occasions been con- which even a partial knowledge of the 
sumed in prolonged debates, on questions resources and capabilities of this State 
of order, law, and constitutional construe- can be obtained. Some competent per- 
tion, often totally irrelevant. These dis- son should be employed, to arrange the 
cussions are particularly provoking to information already procured, and supply 
our best business men — members who the deficiences. The State would be 
trouble themselves very little about forms, indenuiified ten-fold for the expenditure 
if the work required to be done is done, it would require — by the discoveries it 
and well done. would promote — the emigrations it would 

It is matter of congratulation that this invite — and the increased demand it 
useless habit is almost entirely corrected, would create for our improved and un- 
Some regular plan, and a notice of the improved farms. A memorial embracing 
business of the coming meetings previ- this subject, and the subject of silk, pray- 



Before the American Institute. 



13 



ing for an appropriation, ought to find 
favor with an intelligent legislature. 

The late determination of the Institute, 
in favor of a course of lectures, from 
members of the Institute, exclusively, is 
calculated to do good. Those whose 
habits do not qualify them for extempo- 



by the gold-beater. A collection of such 
discourses would be sought, and read, 
with satisfaction and profit. They would 
contain knowledge not found in books. 
Lectures so conducted will give confi- 
dence to those who prepare them ; and, in 
process of time, men now obscure, and 



raneous efforts, are often in possession of unthought of, will learn to reason, deduce 



valuable ideas. Every member of the 
Institute can write, and read. Most of 
the members have important ideas, par- 
ticularly in relation to their own every- 
day concerns, and business. The inten- 
tion of the proposed course of lectures 
is to bring these ideas into the possession 
and use of the Institute, from minds of 
different structures, habits, professions, 
and inclinations. They are intended to 
be the offsprings of experience, and the 
practical suggestions of actual business. 
They will be novel to most of the mem- 
bers, and entertaining for their novelty. 
They will be useful, because they are 
derived from experience, the great source 
of useful knowledge and human improve- 
ment. Such a collection of facts as will 
naturally be collected, opened to the 
examination of a variety of inventive 
minds — and our patent office shows we are 
not wanting in them, — cannot but suggest 
new thoughts, and lead to new improve- 
ments. A single glance has often in- 
duced a new principle, or led to a new 
combination of immeasurable conse- 
quence. It was, no doubt, an apparently 
accidental thought that led our country- 
man, Whitney, to the construction of his 
cotton gin. That thought, subjected to 
the patient workings of ingenuity, and 
perfected by practical skill, has doubled 
the value of lands, whose inhabitants are 
sufficiently numerous to constitute a na- 
tion, and has enabled the United States 
to sustain the balance of trade with the 
commercial world. It is not intended by 
these lectures to exhibit orators. They 
are not intended to ingratiate some fa- 
vorite candidates for office with the 
people. But to give confidence to plain 
unassuming middling men, and to induce 
them to put on paper, and read to their 
brethren, such facts, and reflections, as 
they in their respective vocations have 
gathered — expressed in the style, and 
language, in which they think, and speak, 
before they have undergone the expanding 
ordeal of declamation. We desire the 
native ore directly from its bed, and not 
after it is reduced to a glittering cobweb 



principles, and march direct, to conclu- 
sions, with the accuracy of philosophers. 
This course of lectures is intended to 
form, in the Institute, an undisputed pal- 
pable feature of republicanism : not that 
sort of republicanism which is assumed 
by partisan politicians, which lives only 
while the polls are open, and expires 
when they close. But that republican- 
ism, which at all times recognizes, in the 
members of ti)is association, a perfect 
equality of privileges, and which desires 
every member to participate equally in 
all its performances, honors, and advan- 
tages. 

An early effort should be made 
for the establishment of a periodical 
Journal, — weekly, monthly, or even quar- 
terly. It would collect and distribute 
knowledge ; make the objects and opera- 
tions of the Institute better understood ; 
increase its members, and thereby its 
ability to accomplish the designs con- 
templated by its act of incorporation. 

A collection of models of machines, 
and specimens of art, has, as it were, 
spontaneously commenced. The library 
rooms now constantly exhibit some of tho 
fruits of art and genius. This com- 
mencement of a cabinet, interesting and 
useful, should be nurtured and sustained. 
It will present a miniature display, in this 
great central emporium, of the improve- 
ments of the age, convenient for exami- 
nation. Competent persons may be ap- 
pninted to explain their properties and 
uses. Why should not New-York con- 
tain such an establishment? Paris has 
her Consert>atory of Arts and Trades. 
It is admired by all strangers who visit 
that interesting city. It contains a col- 
lection of all the instruments and ma- 
chines used in the sciences and trades 
throughout France ; all the inventions 
which have obtained rewards from the 
French Government, or public bodies, as 
well as patents — all find a place in this 
repository ; and also many of foreign 
origin. Foreigners are admitted by mere- 
ly showing their passports. A man at- 
tends twice a week to give descriptions 



14 



Introductory Lecture 



to visitors. The National Repository in 
London, with similar objects to our In- 
stitute, is patronized by the King. The 
managers and inspectors are selected 
from the most distinguished men in the 
kingdom. In the list of officers are 
members of Parliament, Lords, and Com- 
moners, members of the Royal Society, 
and many of the first philosophers and 
scholars in the British empire. Most of 
the great cities of Europe have reposito- 
ries for similar purposes. Let it not be 
supposed, because we are wanting in no- 
blemen, that we cannot support such an 
establishment. We have nature's noble- 
men. The people are our noblemen. 
They have shown their devotedness to 
our and their cause. For seven succes- 
sive years they have patronized and up- 
held the American Institute. They are 
not untaught operatives, but an enlight- 
ened, reflecting people, who not only 
know how to use their hands, but are fa- 
miliar with principles, and whose chances 
of making important discoveries must be 
proportioned to their knowledge. 

The world does not present a position 
as auspicious for a great and infinitely 
varied museum of useful curiosities as 
our city. How propitious its tendency to 
promote that alliance of art and science, 
so conducive to useful discoveries and 
improvements ! How greatly must it con- 
tribute to elevate still more that portion 
of our fellow citizens whose occupations, 
within a century, were considered de- 
grading ! They were for ages excluded 
from the benefits of science, the great 
vivifier of the arts. The laboratory was 
kept far off from the workshop ; and the 
fabricators of our comforts were suffered 
to group in ignorance and darkness. Sci- 
ence has at last entered the factory, and 
the shop, and a new era in productive la- 
bor has commenced. The philosopher, 
instead of being employed among wild 
theories and visionary fancies, is busy in 
selecting and arranging facts, on which 
to employ his philosophy, and base his ar- 
guments. The race of schoolmen are 
defunct. The hunters after the philoso- 
pher's stone, the seekers after perpetual 
motion, are rarely heard of. The train 
of abstract reasoners, the race of alchy- 
mists, with their cotemporaneous witches, 
hobgoblins, and ghosts, have sunk into 
oblivion together. The philosophy of 
common sense has succeeded ; well at- 
tested facts and analogies hold the place 



of abstract visions and logical subtleties. 
Every thing is submitted to the ordeal of 
experiment — " weighed, measured, and 
analyzed." Every step that precedes 
conclusions is fortified by demonstration. 
Accordingly, our improvements within 
the last fifty years have surpassed all 
that had gone before. Each new im- 
provement has led on to others. Every 
new discovery has opened new passages 
into the endless labyrinths of nature. 

I have thus given a rapid notice of 
what may be done. Standing as we do 
on the vantage ground, elevated as it is 
by discovery and invention, are our an- 
ticipations all visions, or are they des- 
tined to be realities ? Are we to suppose 
that we have reached an impassable 
barrier, erected against future improve- 
ment ? Before the invention of the mar- 
iner's compass, who could have conceived 
that an inanimate substance could be 
found that would be a safe guide on the 
trackless ocean in the darkest night? 
Before the telescope was invented, who 
could have conceived of an instrument 
that would light up a way in the heavens, 
ten thousand times farther than any hu- 
man eye before had ever penetrated ? 
And may not some fiiture discovery ena- 
ble those who come after, to penetrate 
the hidden properties of matter, and the 
undiscovered agencies of nature, with 
equal success ? What enthusiast, before 
it was done, would have believed that 
machinery could do the work of forty 
millions of people ? This was effect- 
ed, several years since, on one com- 
paratively small island. To have once 
hinted that the lightning could be dis- 
armed of its terrors, and made harmless, 
by any human contrivance, would have 
been blasphemy. The wonders of steam 
we have all witnessed, on the land and 
on the water. Its powers began but yes- 
terday to unfold ; now guided by genius, 
it propels the magnificent ship " against 
tides and tempests." It enables the 
freighted boat to buffet the impetuous 
currents of our mighty rivers, — ascend- 
ing sure, steady, and direct, to the place 
of destination. It wings the car in its 
rapid course on the railway, from city to 
city, and from country to country. To 
facilitate the discoveries and operations 
of the miner, rivers by its potent work- 
ings are disgorged from the deep caverns 
of our earth. In our forges we may see 
it " seizing with mechanic claws ponderous 



Before the American Institute. 



15 



masses of iron, and beating them into 
bars, or pressing them into plates, and 
cutting them in pieces, as if they were 
ribbons." Steam, exhibited in its minu- 
ter operations, in the factory, is not less 
wonderful : attenuating the smallest fibres 
of our cotton with a regularity, delicacy, 
and accuracy, that no human hand could 
accomplish, and which nothing but the 
unerring instinct of the silk-worm, or the 
spider, can equal. Such are the instru- 
ments of this same power which know- 
ledge has unfolded and subjected to the 
mastery of man. What is there too un- 
wieldy for its strength, or too delicate for 



its touch ? But these are only the pre- 
cursors of other still more sublime ac- 
complishments reserved for human ge- 
nius — the dawnings of that perfection 
which futurity will unfold. 

Let us, one and all, seize the opportuni- 
ty, and apply the means which Provi- 
dence has conferred upon us, by employ, 
ing our best exertions and talents to sti- 
mulate and quicken invention, by spread- 
ing knowledge, and instigating emula- 
tion ; and thereby improvement will be ac- 
celerated, and the proud dominion of 
mind over matter will be still further ex. 
tended. 



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